Archive for the ‘NYC Attorney’ Category

WRONGFUL DEATH | CHILDREN AND INFANTS

We have noted that the awards in wrongful death cases in New York State involving the death of children or infants is almost invariably shockingly low to the average lay observer. This is because the permissible guidelines for determining the amount of such award, in New York, are generally restricted to “conscious pain and suffering” and “pecuniary loss”, the latter item of which, in the case of a child or infant, is understandably negligible.

In determining “pecuniary loss”, the jury can consider what the child or infant would have contributed to the support of the parents. Conjecture is not appropriate and consequently, proof of such an item is extremely difficult, if not impossible. It is usually to “conscious pain and suffering” that attorneys look to salvage some modicum of monetary compensation for the parents. In the event of an almost instant death then this, too, becomes a source of difficulty rather than of a just award.

THE PERSONAL  INJURY  CASE
WHY PERSONAL INJURY CASES TAKE SO LONG
PART V: SETTLEMENTS AND TRIALS
B.  Trials

If settlement cannot be reached in a case, and a final trial date has been set, the attorneys come to court and are assigned to a  room where a “jury panel”, usually numbering about fifteen people from the larger jury pool, are also sent.   The attorneys take turns introducing the case and then proceed to ask questions of each of the potential jurors.  Some jurors are dismissed “for cause,” which means there is a valid legal reason to prevent that juror from sitting on the jury.  Since the aim of each attorney is to try and have a jury composed of as many individuals the attorney perceives will be favorable to their client at trial, the attorney has at his/her disposal a number (often three) of “peremptory challenges” which allow the attorneys to exclude a juror without cause.  Once those challenges are exhausted, however, the attorney will be compelled to take everyone else, other than those that can be excused “for cause”.   Arguments regarding the dismissal of jurors are referred to a judge to resolve.

Once the jury is selected, the jurors and the attorneys go to an assigned courtroom (in some jurisdictions the selection of the jurors takes place in the assigned courtroom) with an assigned judge.

After preliminary procedures are attended to, each attorney is given an opportunity to make an “Opening Statement” to the jury.   The trial then continues with the Plaintiff presenting the Plaintiff’s Case.  This will usually consist of testimony from the Plaintiff, possible witnesses, and “Expert Testimony”.   Expert Testimony can involve testimony given by treating physicians, experts in economics discussing the future earning losses of the Plaintiff, or experts in other fields such as product or roadway  design,  police procedures, etc.   The Defendant’s attorney has the opportunity to Cross Examine every one of the Plaintiff’s witnesses, as the Plaintiff will do when the Defendant presents its case.

At the conclusion of both the Plaintiff’s and Defendant’s cases, the Trial Judge will give a “Jury Charge”.  Instructions are given to the jury as to the rules of law the jury MUST apply when it considers all  the evidence, oral and tangible exhibits, that was presented to it during the trial.  The jury then deliberates.  In a civil trial there are normally six jurors (with two alternates that are dismissed when the matter goes to the jury).

Laymen are usually not aware of the fact that the decision of the jury may not be the final word.

The judge can play a major role in restructuring or changing the determination of a jury if the judge considers that the decision of the jury contradicts a viable legal reason for sustaining the “VERDICT” of the jury.   VERDICTS can be “set aside” “as against the weight of the evidence” and money damages awarded by a jury can be increased or decreased by a judge.   Keep in mind, too, that any action a judge takes can serve as the basis of an APPEAL to a higher court.  Appeals, however, are costly and time consuming, and are usually not resorted to under other than extraordinary circumstances.

People are very concerned about the choice of a surgeon when contemplating surgery.  A person should be no less concerned about the abilities of an attorney they choose.  Often, the expertise and reputation of your attorney can result in a favorable settlement, thereby avoiding a trial, but if a trial becomes necessary, the attorney you choose may also be crucial. At Orlow, Orlow, & Orlow we have over 30 years experience with helping you get the most from your case. Contact one of our New York City Personal Injury Attorneys today for a consultation.

PART III : BEGINNING LITIGATION

The beginning of litigation refers to the start of an actual lawsuit. In cases where a NOTICE OF CLAIM was required to be filed, the law prohibits the commencement of legal action before the Notice of Claim is filed AND before the agency or governmental subdivision against which it was filed has had an opportunity to question the claimant. This questioning is called a “50 H Hearing”, the statutory name for what is simply an oral deposition of the claimant. Sometimes the “50 H Hearing is waived by the governmental entity, sometimes not. Once the hearing is held, or waived, the papers to begin the lawsuit may be filed in court, and then served on the defendant or defendants. (You, the person bringing the lawsuit, is known as the PLAINTIFF). The filing of the papers in court BEGINS the actual lawsuit.

In cases that do not require the filing of a Notice of Claim, the papers to begin the lawsuit, generally a Summons and Complaint, may be filed in court and then served upon the defendant (or defendants) at any time. The service of the Summons and Complaint is usually performed by a professional process server that works for a Process Service company. There are legal requirements as to when and how legal documents may be served, and cases can arise where the method of service will be vital to the viability of that case. This is especially true in cases that are begun very near the expiration of the Statute of Limitations, when improper service can mean the time limit within which a lawsuit MUST be brought has expired, and there is no recourse!

Just a special note regarding Statutes of Limitations:

Never, ever think you have enough time to contact your attorney about a possible lawsuit “because my friend told me that I have three years…” Time limits within which you MUST bring lawsuits vary greatly. Most negligence actions have three year time limits, most medical malpractice have two and a half, most intentional acts require lawsuits within one year, and so on. However, there are exceptions to virtually every rule. Get to an experienced attorney by calling our New York City Law Firm at Orlow, Orlow, & Orlow before your opportunity to litigate disappears!

THE PERSONAL INJURY CASE WHY PERSONAL INJURY CASES TAKE SO LONG: Part I – PRE-INTAKE PHASE

From a purely business point of view, this phase of a case may well be the most crucial to the attorney. In the field of personal injury law, cases are routinely taken on a “contingent fee” basis. This simply means that an attorney will not earn or receive any fee for his work unless there is a successful conclusion to the case, and the client receives some amount of monetary compensation. It stands to reason, therefore, that the decision as to whether or not to accept a matter into the office is of vital financial importance to the attorney. Too many cases accepted, that end in a failure to obtain compensation, will lead not only to unhappy clients, but will also lead, eventually, to an abbreviated life span for that law office.

Through diligent and meticulous questioning, the experienced attorney will delve into various aspects of the matter being presented by the potential client.

Questions relating to time, location, parties involved, conditions at the scene, preceding events, injuries sustained, relationships of parties and myriad other questions are all designed to see first, whether there is a viable case and second, whether the case has the possibility of ending in a way that both the client and the attorney can view as “successful.”

Issues involving Statues of Limitations (legal time limits for bringing a case), Damages (injuries suffered), Liability (fault of each party involved) and Coverage (available funds from insurance or other readily available sources)are all of pivotal importance to the experienced attorney at the Pre-Intake stage. At Orlow, Orlow, & Orlow we have been handling personal injury cases in New York City for over 30 years.

NOTICE OF CLAIM | MUNICIPAL LIABILITY | SPECIAL USE

Until 2003 the City of New York was primarily responsible for injuries incurred by individuals through cracks, potholes and uneven surfaces on City sidewalks. The primary responsibility shifted in 2003, through City Council legislation, that made the abutting commercial or residential landowners primarily responsible. However, in the case of one, two or three family homes, where those residences are at least partially owner occupied, and where the residence is used exclusively for residential purposes, the City of New York remains primarily responsible.

Nevertheless, even in those instances where the City of New York would be primarily responsible for accidents that occur because of sidewalk defects, the liability shifts to the homeowner if the cause of the accident was some item that was installed for the benefit or “special use” of the adjoining homeowner.

Defects in driveways are common “special use” situations. A water shut off valve, embedded in the sidewalk, has been held to be a “special use”.

Wisdom would dictate the service of a Notice of Claim on the City of New York even if a “special use” is anticipated. It simply cannot hurt, and failure to do so could be catastrophic if an incorrect assumption regarding a “special use” is made. Below I have added the legislation that shifts liability for sidewalk defects mainly from the City of New York to abutting landowners.

MUNICIPAL LIABILITY | CAN I SUE THE CITY? | CASES AGAINST NEW YORK CITY | “SPECIAL DUTY”

There is a basic rule that is applied when a lawsuit is contemplated against a municipal entity, such as the City of New York. That rule gives the City, or any municipality, “absolute immunity” for the acts of that government’s employees. This holds true even if those employees failed to act when they should have, or having acted, they did so in a negligent manner.

An individual resident of the City will have no basis for a successful lawsuit for injuries sustained through the acts of the City’s employees UNLESS that individual can demonstrate that a “SPECIAL DUTY” existed on the part of the City in favor of that particular individual.

The New York Court of Appeals (New York’s highest court) established four “elements” that create a “SPECIAL DUTY” relationship between a municipality and an individual:
— the municipality assumes a duty to act on behalf of the individual;
— the municipality’s employees must be aware of the fact that a failure to act may result in harm to that individual;
— there must have been some direct contact between the municipality’s employees or agents and the affected individual; and
— the individual harmed must have been justified in relying upon the assurance given to him/her by the city’s employees or agents.
Without demonstrating the existence of each and every one of these four elements, the injury incurred through the acts or omissions of municipal employees may go entirely uncompensated.

An experienced Personal Injury Attorney will also be aware of the fact that certain broad areas of acts by municipal employees are not considered “governmental” in nature–which acts ARE subject to the rules of “Special Duty Relationships”—but are , rather, considered “proprietary” in nature, and are instead decided by ordinary rules of liability and do not require the establishment of a “special duty” in order for the city to be held liable.

“COVERAGE” Why can’t I get more for the injury I suffered?

“Coverage” is a term used by personal injury lawyers to refer to the amount of money that is available to pay a client for the injury they sustained.   In almost every instance the “coverage” available is equated with the policy limit of an insured’s liability insurance policy.  This can refer to an automobile insurance policy of the potential defendant, if the matter involves a car accident.  It can refer to a potential defendant’s homeowner’s insurance policy if it involves several other types of accidents, not every one of which must necessarily have happened in the defendant’s home.

The knowledgeable attorney will utilize every resource available to identify sources of “coverage” in a concerted attempt to assure adequate sources of compensation for a seriously injured client.  The availability of  significant “coverage” can be easily overlooked and could be very costly to a client.

Examples abound: if you are in a vehicle, not only is the vehicle owner’s policy available, but if the driver has his own policy, that too will be available.   An “Umbrella Policy” (a separate insurance policy that covers an individual once their basic, underlying policy, is exhausted) should be looked for, as well as the possibility that more than one insured defendant, each with separate insurance, may be responsible  for the client’s injury.

While it is always advantageous to have a wealthy defendant,

with many assets, rather than a poor defendant, with no assets, as the party you are suing, realistically speaking personal injury attorneys are reluctant to pursue assets because of the difficulties involved, not the least of which is the ease with which assets can be transferred by the defendant in a personal injury case even AFTER the case has begun !

Even after all the efforts of the most experienced attorney are exhausted, there are all too often instances where the “coverage” available to compensate a client fairly for their injury is simply not available.   One of the most unpleasant aspects of a personal injury attorney’s job is to inform a seriously injured client of this fact.  It is a conclusion clients do not want to hear–and it is one that your attorney does not relish delivering. Contact one of our Personal Injury Attorneys at Orlow, Orlow, & Orlow today.

SO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR ATTORNEY

There are times when a client wants to change his or her attorney.  May the client do so?  Absolutely.  A client has the right to change his or her lawyer at any time.

There is more good news for the dissatisfied client.  Once he finds another attorney to replace the attorney he has, the client need not have any contact whatsoever with his former attorney.  The client signs a “Consent to Change Attorney” form and the new lawyer takes care of all the other details.   What’s more, the final fee the client will end up paying, to either or both attorneys, will TOTAL no more than the fee the client was going to pay the original attorney.   It will be up to the former and new lawyers to work out their fee arrangement.

The most common reasons for client dissatisfaction with their lawyer are:

1. Failure of the lawyer to return phone calls.
2. Failure to hear from their attorney in a long period of time.
3. Disagreement as to the value of the client’s case.
Reputable attorneys, receiving a call from a client wishing to change their attorney, will closely question the client to determine if, indeed, their firm would be in a better position to satisfy that client.   Knowingly taking a matter from another attorney when there is little or no chance to realistically rectify the “problem” described by that client would be, arguably, unprofessional.

From an attorney’s point of view there may be other reasons to be reluctant to accept the new matter.  If the matter is already at an advanced stage, when much of the discovery in the case is complete, and the date for trial may not be far off, there could be great hesitancy on the part of the new attorney to accept the case. Experienced attorneys have standards they adhere to, and there may be great reluctance to be tied into the work of a prior attorney whose standards may be different, and there would not be enough time to rectify what may not be acceptable to the new attorney.

One important word of advice to a client thinking of changing attorneys:

make the effort to speak with the old attorney and state explicitly what the problem is.  More often than not, the attorney will make every effort to accommodate the client. For more information contact one of our New York Personal Injury Attorneys at Orlow, Orlow, & Orlow.

LEAD POISON IN BUILDINGS: 2009 UPDATE

In 1960, New York City was the first city to ban lead paint. Since then, New York City has strengthened that law on two occasions. The last time the law was upgraded was in 2004, when the NEW YORK CITY LEAD POISONING PREVENTION ACT (Local Law 1) was passed.

The results of the City’s actions have been notable.

The City’s Department of Health and Mental Hygiene reports that in the period from 1995 until 2007 the number of children reported with elevated blood levels dropped astonishingly from 19,000 to just 1900, a decrease of 90%.

Local Law 1 placed significant burdens upon landlords :
1: informing tenants about lead hazards;
2: inspect apartments where children under 6 years old reside;
3: correct and remove any identified lead problems and do so in a recognized and safe manner.

The United States Department of Health and Human Services has set a national goal of eliminating all new cases of lead poisoning by this year, 2010.

The likelihood of New York City reaching this goal seems remote at the present time. David Powell, of the Tenants and Neighbors organization in New York State, stated that a major obstacle in achieving this goal is the lack of adequate enforcement by the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Unfortunately, the Department’s budget in 2010 is $20.6 million, while last year it was $25.8 million ! The national economy negatively affects lead poisoning prevention efforts, as it does so much else.

Nevertheless, the admirable reduction so far in lead paint cases among children is due, in the main, to increased awareness on the part of parents to the hazards of lead paint. ANYONE THAT BELIEVES THEIR CHILDREN MAY FACE LEAD POISON HAZARDS SHOULD CONTACT 311 FOR ASSISTANCE. If, unfortunately, your child seems to have been effected by lead paint poisoning, which is indicated through lead testing by your doctor or at a hospital, contact a reputable personal injury attorney, experienced in lead poison cases, as soon as possible.

To read the New York City Local Law 1 go to:

http://www.nyc.gov/html/hpd/downloads/pdf/lead-local-local1-2004.pdf